Neottia bifolia

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Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens only. View county names by placing the mouse cursor over a particular county.

Species Distribution Map
Family:ORCHIDACEAE
Species:Neottia bifolia (Raf.) Baumbach
Common Name:Southern Twayblade; Long Lip Twayblade
Habitat:**
Associated Ecological Communities:**
Growth Habit:Herb
Duration:Perennial
Category:Vascular
USDA Symbol:**
Plant Notes:Southern Twayblade is a native perennial in the Orchid family (Orchidaceae). It can be found throughout Alabama. Southern Twayblade grows in wet hardwood or hardwood/pine forests, along streams, and in seeps. It grows from 3-10 inches tall, with most plants closer to 3 inches in height. The stem is purple or green in color, glabrous, and somewhat succulent. Two opposite ovate or elliptic leaves occur on the stem. The leaves have entire margins. Flowers are produced in terminal racemes of 5-25 flowers. The flowers are greenish or reddish in color. The recurved petals and sepals are approximately 1 mm in length, except for the lip. The lip petal is split into two linear-lanceolate lobes that are up to ½ inch long. The fruit is an ovoid capsule with many minute seed. The perianth parts persist on the developing capsule. Southern Twayblade is a small non-showy plant that is easily over looked. It may be more common than records suggest. It can often be found associated with sphagnum moss, Cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum (Linnaeus) C. Presl), and Royal Fern (Osmunda spectabilis Willdenow). Some groups such as the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the American Orchid Society refer to this species by the name Neottia bifolia (Raf.) Baumbach. Southern Twayblade is listed as an S2 species in Alabama (typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state), and globally as a G4 species (imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors). As many of our native orchids are, Southern Twayblade is difficult to grow in cultivation. Plants form an association with a fungus that acts as an accessory root system, supplying the orchid with water and nutrients. Do not pick or try to transplant any of our native orchids.--A. Diamond
Taxonomic Notes:This species has traditionally been treated as Listera australis Lindley. Listera, an assemblage of autotroph taxa, were found to be phylogenetically nested within the mycotrophic genus of Neottia and thus transferred to that genus as treated here. --B.R. Keener
Status:Native, FACW (NWI), S2 (State Rank), G4 (Global Rank)
References:**
Specimen: View specimen details in the Alabama Herbarium Consortium Specimen Database

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

FamilyORCHIDACEAE - Orchid family
Genus Neottia
Species Neottia bifolia (Raf.) Baumbach - Southern Twayblade; Long Lip Twayblade

Citation

Citation Neottia bifolia (Rafinesque) Baumbach, Orchidee (Hamburg) 60(4): 332. 2009.
Basionym: Diphryllum bifolium Raf. 1808.
Type: USA: NEW JERSEY/PENNSYLVANIA:

** Not applicable or data not available.

Synonyms

SynonymFull CitationBasionymType
Bifolium australis Bifolium australis (Lindley) Nieuwland, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 129. 1913.Listera australis Lindley 1840. 
Diphryllum bifolium Diphryllum bifolium Raf., Med. Repos. 5: 357. 1808. USA: NEW JERSEY/PENNSYLVANIA:
Listera australis Listera australis Lindley, Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 456. 1840. USA: SOUTH CAROLINA:
Ophrys australis Ophrys australis (Lindley) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 379. 1905.Listera australis Lindley 1840. 

Specimens and Distribution

This species has been reported in the following counties by the herbaria listed. An overview of the individual specimens are provided in the table that follows. Click on the accession number to view details; click on column headers to sort; choose a county or herbaria to filter the specimen data.

Counties included on distribution map: Baldwin, Bibb, Blount, Bullock, Butler, Calhoun, Choctaw, Clay, Coffee, Colbert, Conecuh, Covington, Crenshaw, Dale, Dallas, Escambia, Etowah, Fayette, Jefferson, Lawrence, Lee, Limestone, Macon, Madison, Marengo, Monroe, Pike, Russell, Shelby, St. Clair, Sumter, Tallapoosa, Tuscaloosa, Walker, Wilcox

Counties represented by specimen data listed below:

Herbaria represented by specimen data listed below: ALNHS, AMAL, AUA, JSU, SAMF, TROY, UNA, UNAF, UWAL

Range of years during which specimens were collected: 1974 - 1998

Barcode / Accession No. County Coll. Date Collector &
Collection No.		 Herbarium &
Herbarium Name Used		 Image
AUA_ACC_52296 Dale 5 Apr 1992 Diamond, Alvin R.
8055		 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
TROY000034624 Butler 04 Mar 2012 Diamond, Alvin R.
22809		 TROY
Listera australis Lindley
SAMF0007026 Shelby 20 Mar 2019 Davenport, Lawrence J.
6633		 SAMF
Listera australis Lindley
UWAL0050811 Clay 14 Apr 1971 Dean, Blanche E.
345-2		 UWAL
Listera australis
TROY000042021 Pike 10 Mar 2015 Diamond, Alvin R.
26006		 TROY
Listera australis Lindley
AUA_ACC_45252 Conecuh 21 Mar 1987 Diamond, Alvin R.
3040		 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
UWAL0015612 Lawrence 26 Mar 2006 England, J. Kevin
460		 UWAL
Listera australis Lindley
UNA00008547 Tuscaloosa 22 Mar 1974 Gabrielson, Frederick C.
s.n.		 UNA
Listera australis Lindl.
AUA_ACC_62594 Lee 21 Apr 2003 Loewenstein, Nancy J.
 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
TROY000037411 Butler 17 Mar 2013 Diamond, Alvin R.
23826		 TROY
Listera australis Lindley
AUA_ACC_45251 Conecuh 17 Mar 1987 Diamond, Alvin R.
3039		 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
AUA_ACC_64673 Lawrence 17 Apr 2005 Keener, Brian R.
2622		 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
AMAL00022993 Baldwin 21 Mar 2017 Soehren, Eric C.
466		 AMAL
Listera australis Lindley
TROY000026581 Lawrence 17 Apr 2005 Keener, Brian R.
2622		 TROY
Listera australis Lindley
UWAL0050731 Jefferson 22 Mar 1985 Barber, J. Patrick
1314		 UWAL
Listera australis Lindl.
UWAL0005037 Marengo 27 Feb 2008 England, J. Kevin
1637		 UWAL
Listera australis Lindl.
JSU113506 Clay 14 Apr 1971 Dean, Blanche E.
345-1		 JSU
Listera australis Lindley
AUA_ACC_62581 Macon 21 Apr 2003 Birkhead, Roger
 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
ALNHS00003720 Colbert 22 Mar 2016 Barger, T. Wayne
FH-633		 ALNHS
Neottia bifolia (Raf.) Baumbach
TROY000038205 Bullock 28 Mar 2013 Dykes, Bailee
1543		 TROY
Listera australis Lindl.
UWAL0053287 Calhoun 20 Mar 2019 Spaulding, Daniel D.
15870		 UWAL
Neottia bifolia (Raf.) Baumbach
UWAL0005039 Wilcox 13 Mar 2008 Keener, Brian R.
4051		 UWAL
Listera australis Lindl.
UNA00045874 St. Clair 30 Mar 1998 Keener, Brian R.
549		 UNA
Listera australis Lindl.
AUA_ACC_52560 Bullock 20 Mar 1990 Diamond, Alvin R.
6741		 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
ALNHS00007115 Russell 04 Mar 2021 Barger, T. Wayne
SP#5431		 ALNHS
Neottia bifolia (Raf.) Baumbach
AMAL00001304 Madison 8 Apr 1997 Threlkeld, Steven J.
976		 AMAL
Listera australis Lindley
UNA00063647 Bibb 28 Mar 2004 Schotz, Alfred
1926		 UNA
Listera australis Lindl.
AUA_ACC_50955 Bullock 4 Mar 1990 Diamond, Alvin R.
6677		 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
ALNHS00000991 Baldwin 23 Feb 2012 Barger, T. Wayne
SP#369		 ALNHS
Neottia bifolia (Raf.) Baumbach
TROY000011356 Choctaw 16 Mar 2003 Kral, Robert
93640		 TROY
Listera australis Lindley
UWAL0033905 Fayette 30 Mar 2016 Keener, Brian R.
9440		 UWAL
Listera australis Lindley
UNA00008537 Monroe 15 Apr 1980 Wiersema, John H.
1491		 UNA
Listera australis Lindl.
AUA_ACC_39923 Conecuh 21 Apr 1983 Diamond, Alvin R.
 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
AUA_ACC_40654 Jefferson 9 Apr 1985 Bussey, Melanie G.
1383		 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
AUA000038419 Limestone 9 Apr 2016 England, J. Kevin
6184		 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
TROY000052074 Tallapoosa 11 Apr 2021 Diamond, Alvin R.
29574		 TROY
Listera australis Lindley
UWAL0036924 Covington 24 Feb 2017 England, J. Kevin
7140		 UWAL
Listera australis Lindley
UNA00008527 Lawrence 09 May 1987 Haynes, Robert R.
9124		 UNA
Listera australis Lindl.
JSU113509 Jefferson 9 Apr 1985 Barber, J. Patrick
1383		 JSU
Listera australis Lindley
AUA000037925 Covington 25 Jan 2012 Hansen, Curtis J.
5351		 AUA
Neottia Bifolia (Raf.) Baumbach
UNA00008532 Tuscaloosa 19 Apr 1983 Haynes, Robert R.
8713		 UNA
Listera australis Lindl.
AMAL00011655 Lawrence 17 Apr 2005 Spaulding, Daniel D.
12243		 AMAL
Listera australis Lindley
UNA00008517 Crenshaw 21 Mar 1987 Haynes, Robert R.
8856		 UNA
Listera australis Lindl.
AMAL00014332 Baldwin 19 Feb 2008 Barger, T. Wayne
172		 AMAL
Listera australis Lindley
TROY000026580 Lawrence 17 Apr 2005 Spaulding, Daniel D.
12243		 TROY
Listera australis Lindley
UWAL0050402 Covington 25 Jan 2012 Hansen, Curtis J.
5351		 UWAL
Neotti bifolia (Raf.) Baumbach
UWAL0014165 Bullock 28 Mar 2013 Dykes, Bailee
1543		 UWAL
Listera australis Lindley
UWAL0045912 Walker 15 Apr 2018 Spaulding, Daniel D.
15199		 UWAL
Listera australis Lindl.
JSU113508 Jefferson 22 Mar 1985 Barber, J. Patrick
1314		 JSU
Listera australis Lindley
AMAL00012784 Choctaw 16 Mar 2003 Kral, Robert
93640		 AMAL
Listera australis Lindley
UNA00008542 Wilcox 16 Apr 1980 Haynes, Robert R.
7723		 UNA
Listera australis Lindl.
ALNHS00007972 Madison 19 Mar 2021 Yawn, Noah D.
NDY#140		 ALNHS
Neottia bifolia (Raf.) Baumbach
UNA00008522 Conecuh 21 Mar 1987 Haynes, Robert R.
8816		 UNA
Listera australis Lindl.
AMAL00000723 Dallas 15 Apr 2010 Barger, T. Wayne
118		 AMAL
Listera australis Lindley
TROY000028760 Marengo 27 Feb 2008 England, J. Kevin
1637		 TROY
Listera australis Lindley
UWAL0005038 Sumter 08 Apr 2005 Keener, Brian R.
2610		 UWAL
Listera australis Lindl.
AUA_ACC_62595 Bullock 3 Apr 2003 Underwood, W.
 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
AUA_ACC_72046 Monroe 11 Apr 2014 Mincey, K.A.
24		 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
AUA000042486 Covington 12 Mar 1999 Pancake, Jr., Dale C.
S.N.		 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
JSU113510 Shelby 4 Apr 1993 Whetstone, R. David
16202		 JSU
Listera australis Lindley
JSU113507 Etowah 13 Apr 1996 Hodge-Spaulding, Lesley M.
4442		 JSU
Listera australis Lindley
TROY000011357 Coffee 07 Mar 2000 Martin, Brian H.
477		 TROY
Listera australis Lindley
UWAL0043322 Baldwin 07 Mar 1992 Burkhalter, James R.
13091		 UWAL
Listera australis Lindl.
UNA00058666 Lawrence 17 Apr 2005 Keener, Brian R.
2622		 UNA
Listera australis Lindl.
AUA_ACC_52138 Pike 14 Mar 1992 Diamond, Alvin R.
7971		 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
AUA000037891 Covington 14 Mar 2012 Hansen, Curtis J.
5391		 AUA
Neottia Bifolia (Raf.) Baumbach
UWAL0038746 Choctaw 17 Mar 2018 Keener, Brian R.
10511		 UWAL
Listera australis Lindley
UWAL0012899 Shelby 12 Apr 2013 England, J. Kevin
4121		 UWAL
Listera australis Lindley
UNA00058718 Sumter 08 Apr 2005 Keener, Brian R.
2610		 UNA
Listera australis Lindl.
UWAL0053002 Shelby 20 Mar 2019 Davenport, L.J.
6633		 UWAL
Listera australis Lindley
TROY000051642 Escambia 06 Mar 2020 Searcy, Darryl
s.n.		 TROY
Listera australis Lindley
UNA00008547 Tuscaloosa 22 Mar 1974 Gabrielson, Frederick C.
s.n.		 UNA
Listera australis Lindl.
UNAF0001580 Blount 16 Mar 1974 Goode, Nila A.
s.n.		 UNAF
Listera australis Lindley
ALNHS00001596 Monroe 01 Mar 2011 Barger, T. Wayne
RH-395		 ALNHS
Neottia bifolia (Raf.) Baumbach
AUA_ACC_48648 Pike 15 Mar 1988 Diamond, Alvin R.
4219		 AUA
Listera Australis Lindl.
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