Toxicodendron vernix

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Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens only. View county names by placing the mouse cursor over a particular county.

Species Distribution Map
Family:ANACARDIACEAE
Species:Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze
Common Name:Poison Sumac; Thunderwood; Swamp Sumac
Habitat:Shrub of non-alluvial swamps, bogs, and seeps.
Associated Ecological Communities:**
Growth Habit:Shrub
Duration:Perennial
Category:Vascular
USDA Symbol:TOVE
Plant Notes:Poison Sumac is a native shrub or small tree in the Sumac family (Anacardiaceae). It occurs statewide in Alabama, though it is only infrequently collected. Poison Sumac grows in seeps, bogs, wet depressions, and non-alluvial swamps. It can occur as a single stem or a clump of stems, and grows between 3-25 feet in height. It infrequently branches, and the deciduous leaves are near the end of the stems. The bark is gray and has conspicuous lenticels. Young twigs are smooth and reddish in color. Leaves are alternate and pinnately compound. The petioles and rachis are red in color. There are 7-13 oblong or elliptic leaflets. Leaflets are glabrous with entire margins. Leaves turn red or orange before falling in the autumn. Poison Sumac is often dioecious, with separate plants producing either male or female flowers. Some plants produce perfect flowers (with both anthers and pistils). Flowers are produced in axillary, drooping panicles. Each flower has five greenish-yellow petals. The fruit is a white drupe. All parts of the plant produce the volatile compound uroshiol. This causes the allergic reaction of swelling, itching, and a rash. This is the same compound found in the related species of Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans (Linnaeus) Kuntze) and Poison Oak (Toxicodendron pubescens P. Miller). Sensitive people do not have to come into direct contact with the plant. They can react to the compound on clothing, pets, or in the air. Poison Sumac differs from Sumacs in the genus Rhus by having leaflets with entire margins and having white drupes. Members of the genus Rhus have leaflets that are toothed and red fruit. Poison Sumac also tends to grow in wetter sites than the members of the genus Rhus.--A. Diamond
Taxonomic Notes:**
Status:Native, OBL (NWI)
References:**
Specimen: View specimen details in the Alabama Herbarium Consortium Specimen Database

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

FamilyANACARDIACEAE - Sumac/Cashew family
Genus Toxicodendron
Species Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze - Poison Sumac; Thunderwood; Swamp Sumac

Citation

Citation Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 153. 1891.
Basionym: Rhus vernix L. 1753.
Type: Without data, Kalm s.n. (lectotype: LINN 378.8). Lectotypified by J.L. Reveal, in C.E. Jarvis, Order out of Chaos 795. 2007.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Synonyms

SynonymFull CitationBasionymType
Rhus venenata Rhus venenata de Candolle, Prodr. 2: 68. 1825, nom. illegit.Rhus vernix Linnaeus 1753. 
Rhus vernicifera Rhus vernicifera Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 169. 1796, nom. illegit.Rhus vernix Linnaeus 1753. 
Toxicodendron pinnatum Toxicodendron pinnatum Miller, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. 1768.Rhus vernix Linnaeus 1753. 
Rhus vernix Rhus vernix Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 265. 1753. Without data, Kalm s.n. (lectotype: LINN 378.8). Lectotypified by Reveal, in C. E. Jarvis, Order out of Chaos 795. 2007.

Specimens and Distribution

This species has been reported in the following counties by the herbaria listed. An overview of the individual specimens are provided in the table that follows. Click on the accession number to view details; click on column headers to sort; choose a county or herbaria to filter the specimen data.

Counties included on distribution map: Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Bibb, Butler, Calhoun, Choctaw, Clarke, Conecuh, Crenshaw, Escambia, Franklin, Geneva, Hale, Henry, Houston, Jackson, Lee, Macon, Marengo, Marion, Mobile, Monroe, Montgomery, Pike, Randolph, Russell, Sumter, Washington

Counties represented by specimen data listed below:

Herbaria represented by specimen data listed below: ALNHS, AMAL, AUA, BRIT, JSU, NY, TROY, UNA, UNAF, USAM, UWAL

Range of years during which specimens were collected: 1987 - 1997

Barcode / Accession No. County Coll. Date Collector &
Collection No.		 Herbarium &
Herbarium Name Used		 Image
JSU116936 Randolph 28 Jul 1988 Nixon, Christopher F.
4146		 JSU
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
AUA000040610 Baldwin 6 Aug 1925 Wolf, Wolfgang
2349		 AUA
Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Kuntze
USAM000001054 Mobile 04 May 1999 LeLong, Michel G.
10783		 USAM
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
ALNHS00001290 Baldwin 24 Jul 2012 Barger, T. Wayne
SP#675		 ALNHS
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze
BRIT68631 Washington 13 Jul 1969 Kral, Robert
35535		 BRIT
Rhus vernix Linnaeus
BRIT68619 Clarke 20 May 1989 Burckhalter, Robert
1647		 BRIT
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
BRIT68623 Geneva 25 Jul 1968 Kral, Robert
32005		 BRIT
Rhus vernix Linnaeus
AMAL00005633 Monroe 09 May 2000 Kral, Robert
89649		 AMAL
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
AUA000027919 Lee 15 May 1960 Tatum, Walter M.
 AUA
Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Kuntze
AUA000027921 Marengo 18 Jul 1969 Moore, Harold D.
302-69		 AUA
Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Kuntze
JSU116938 Randolph 24 May 1973 Landers, Kenneth E.
s.n.		 JSU
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
TROY000000912 Crenshaw 07 Jul 2002 Diamond, Alvin R.
13457		 TROY
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
JSU116934 Escambia 4 Jun 1972 Kral, Robert
47226		 JSU
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
UWAL0043809 Baldwin 15 Apr 2003 Larsen, Harry S.
1197		 UWAL
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze
BRIT68626 Jackson 13 May 2003 Spaulding, Daniel D.
11848		 BRIT
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
BRIT68624 Henry 07 Apr 1997 MacDonald, John R.
10131		 BRIT
Rhus vernix Linnaeus
AUA000027914 Conecuh 9 May 1986 Diamond, Alvin R.
2458		 AUA
Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Kuntze
UNA00053358 Escambia 05 May 2000 Haynes, Robert R.
10043		 UNA
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze
UNAF0000280 Lee 09 May 1962 Landers, Kenneth E.
s.n.		 UNAF
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
AUA000027917 Lee 24 May 1955 Moore, William H.
 AUA
Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Kuntze
UWAL0032725 Franklin 27 May 2016 England, J. Kevin
6417		 UWAL
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
BRIT68621 Escambia 03 Oct 1994 Kral, Robert
84245		 BRIT
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
TROY000000913 Pike 14 May 1991 Powers, Loren D.
16		 TROY
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
UNA00048829 Henry 07 Apr 1997 MacDonald, John R.
10131		 UNA
Rhus vernix L.
NY02556627 Baldwin 02 May 1903 Samuel M. Tracy
8742		 NY
Rhus vernix Linnaeus
AUA000027922 Marengo 18 Jul 1969 Simonds, E.P.
050		 AUA
Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Kuntze
BRIT68627 Marengo 18 Jul 1969 Moore, Harold D.
302		 BRIT
Rhus vernix Linnaeus
AUA000027920 Macon 6 May 1973 Loden, Michael S.
73-129		 AUA
Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Kuntze
ALNHS00005494 Baldwin 18 APR 2018 Barger, T. Wayne
SP#3709		 ALNHS
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze
JSU116937 Randolph 24 May 1973 Landers, Kenneth E.
s.n.		 JSU
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
ALNHS00002016 Baldwin 24 Jul 2012 Barger, T. Wayne
SP#675		 ALNHS
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze
AMAL00011598 Escambia 01 May 1958 Grelen, H.E.
s.n.		 AMAL
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
BRIT68620 Crenshaw 07 Jul 2002 Diamond, Alvin R.
13457		 BRIT
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
BRIT68629 Marion 27 May 1970 Kral, Robert
39215		 BRIT
Rhus vernix Linnaeus
AUA000027924 Pike 6 May 1994 Diamond, Alvin R.
9131		 AUA
Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Kuntze
UWAL0000103 Sumter 17 Jun 2000 Holland, Richard
AP00-15		 UWAL
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze
UWAL0000104 Washington 05 Oct 2008 Keener, Brian R.
4933		 UWAL
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze
JSU143507 Randolph 24 May 1973 Landers, Kenneth E.
s.n.		 JSU
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
TROY000014411 Butler 07 May 2008 Diamond, Alvin R.
19216		 TROY
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
AMAL00008046 Jackson 13 May 2003 Spaulding, Daniel D.
11848		 AMAL
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
UNA00061107 Jackson 13 May 2003 Spaulding, Daniel D.
11848		 UNA
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze
JSU116935 Lee 8 May 1964 Bozarth, Gene A.
s.n.		 JSU
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
AUA000027915 Escambia 9 May 1987 Diamond, Alvin R.
3206		 AUA
Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Kuntze
TROY000013956 Jackson 13 May 2003 Spaulding, Daniel D.
11848		 TROY
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
TROY000045156 Geneva 13 Apr 2017 Byrd, Cameron
951		 TROY
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
AMAL00004060 Washington 05 Oct 2008 Keener, Brian R.
4933		 AMAL
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
AMAL00005636 Crenshaw 07 Jul 2002 Diamond, Alvin R.
13457		 AMAL
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
BRIT68618 Choctaw 03 Jul 1980 Kral, Robert
65920		 BRIT
Rhus vernix Linnaeus
UNA00010686 Clarke 20 May 1989 Burckhalter, Robert
1647		 UNA
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze
BRIT68617 Barbour 20 May 1968 Kral, Robert
30891		 BRIT
Rhus vernix Linnaeus
AUA000027913 Bibb 14 Sep 1981 Golden, M.S.
S. N.		 AUA
Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Kuntze
AUA000040614 Autauga 24 Jul 1934 Semerick, Matthew
 AUA
Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Kuntze
AUA000027925 Russell 8 May 1974 Jenkins, J.D.
210		 AUA
Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Kuntze
BRIT68628 Marengo 18 Jul 1969 Moore, Harold D.
302		 BRIT
Rhus vernix Linnaeus
UNA00022626 Hale 15 Sep 1987 Haynes, Robert R.
9251		 UNA
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze
AMAL00019470 Calhoun 30 Oct 1993 Hodge, Lesley M.
722		 AMAL
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
JSU143508 Randolph 24 May 1973 Landers, Kenneth E.
s.n.		 JSU
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
TROY000015788 Washington 05 Oct 2008 Keener, Brian R.
4933		 TROY
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
UWAL0034484 Escambia 03 Oct 1994 Kral, Robert
84245		 UWAL
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze
TROY000042851 Montgomery 03 Jul 2015 Diamond, Alvin R.
26541		 TROY
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
AMAL00018172 Choctaw 03 Jul 1980 Kral, Robert
65920		 AMAL
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
AUA000027923 Monroe 1 Jul 1972 Hybart, Michael G.
107		 AUA
Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Kuntze
BRIT68625 Houston 14 Jun 1993 MacDonald, John R.
6270		 BRIT
Rhus vernix Linnaeus
JSU116933 Escambia 5 May 2000 Haynes, Robert R.
10043		 JSU
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
AUA000027918 Lee 17 May 1960 Nail, M.L.
 AUA
Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Kuntze
UNA00050866 Randolph 2 Jun 1988 Nixon, C.F.
3906		 UNA
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze
BRIT68622 Escambia 04 Jun 1972 Kral, Robert
47226		 BRIT
Rhus vernix Linnaeus
BRIT68630 Monroe 09 May 2000 Kral, Robert
89649		 BRIT
Rhus vernix Linnaeus
UNA00046125 Houston 14 Jun 1993 MacDonald, John R.
6270		 UNA
Rhus vernix L.
TROY000013955 Choctaw 03 Jul 1980 Kral, Robert
65920		 TROY
Toxicodendron vernix (Linnaeus) Kuntze
USAM000001055 Mobile 03 Nov 1979 Bradford, Roy
38704		 USAM
Rhus vernix Linnaeus
AUA000027916 Jackson 13 May 2003 Spaulding, Daniel D.
11848		 AUA
Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Kuntze
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